Hi!
The local buses in Madrid and a trip in Metro cost about 1 €, though you may buy a 10 trip-ticket for 5 € (aprox.).
A bus from Madrid to, for example, Granada, costs 20 €, by train 30 € (all aprox.).
A taxi from the airport to the town center should cost about 12 €.
A Big Mac menu costs about 6 €. A good home-style meal in a restaurant varies from 10 € to 30 € (standard restaurant to a good one).
A coffee costs 1 €. A coke 0,90€.
Which places are typicial?
Palacio Real (Royal Palace)
Museo del Prado (Prado's Museum)
Plaza de Oriente
Plaza Mayor
Museo Thyssen-Bornemiza
Museo Reina Sofía
Puerta del Sol
Hope this helps
Here are some links:
Madrid\'s Subway Madrid\'s Council Prado\'s Museum Thyssen\'s Museum Fernando