First, many thanks to Madridman and everyone who has posted here, because I spent many hours here researching for my trip.
I spent several days in Madrid doing the usual tourist things:
Madrid Vision bus tour - excellent way to get your bearings
Museo Thyssen, Centro de Arte Sofia Reina, Museo del Prado - you must see these
Retiro Park
Royal Palace, Plaza Mayor, Plaza Oriente, Huertas
Just walking around and getting lost
Segovia and Toledo - stop trying to choose one or the other, you must see both
Segovia - Not only are the castle and aqueduct awe-inspiring, but the town itself is wonderful to walk through. I was there on a Sunday - lots of families out after church, beautifully dressed children.
Toledo - I spent an afternoon here, not enough time. Next time, maybe an overnight trip. Another great place to wander around.
In Madrid, I stay at Hostal Tijcal (see other post) and also enjoyed one of Andres' wine-tasting tours (also another post)